Tank armored tsheb yuav tsum muaj kev txav mus los sai, kev xa mus sai rau hauv ib puag ncig tshwj xeeb thiab muaj sia nyob siab vim muaj kev hloov pauv hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv xyoo tas los no. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los tsim cov tshiab siab tshwj xeeb lub zog titanium alloys nrog rau cov txheej txheem tsim nqi qis los pab kom muaj kev ua haujlwm siab ntawm titanium alloys hauv tank armored tsheb.
William A. Gooch et al. Hauv lawv qhov kev tshuaj xyuas muab M2A2 Bradley ib qho nyuaj heev ntawm tus thawj coj lub hatch, los ntawm kev siv titanium forgings hatch yog sib zog dua li cov hlau hatch, thiab kev tiv thaiv rau elasticity kev ua tau zoo yog piv rau yav dhau los steel hatch.
Hauv 2005-2006, ARL thiab British Aerospace Advanced Materials tau tshawb fawb kub-nias net composite nkhaus titanium ballistic inserts. Cov phaj yog tsim los ntawm Qib 3 thiab 4 titanium alloys nyob rau hauv MIL-DTL- 46077G. ARL kuj tau tshawb xyuas titanium clad armor rau M113A3 armored cov neeg ua haujlwm, uas muab kev tiv thaiv ballistic zoo tshaj rau hnyav hlau clad armour.
Lub dual-hardness titanium metallurgically bonded laminate zoo ib yam li dual-hardness steel siv cov khoom siv kho tshuab thiab cov lus teb ballistic ntawm cov mos mos thiab tawv titanium panels los tiv thaiv qhov projectile. Cov vaj huam sib luag nyuaj yog siv los tiv thaiv qhov projectiles thiab cov ntaub ntawv softer backing yog siv los txo qhov spalling ntawm lub nraub qaum. A Ti-3Si-Fe-0.5N vaj huam sib luag alloy yog dov-welded rau Ti-7Al-2.5Mo rov qab phaj los tsim cov phaj sib xyaw, uas yog tom qab ntawd kub kho. Nws tau pom tias cov vaj huam sib luag nrog lub hardness ntawm Rc 60 los yog ntau dua yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau kev tiv thaiv ballistic thiab qhov siab tshaj plaws spalling tsis kam ntawm qhov sib piv thickness ntawm 70/30. US Army Research Laboratory (ARL) tau kawm txog plaub txoj kev sib koom ua ke xws li dov, sib koom ua ke, kub isostatic nias, lossis tawg vuam thiab pom tias elastic kuj tuaj yeem nce los ntawm 10-25%. Lub elastic kuj ntawm kub isostatically nias Ti-6Al- 4V / CP Ti laminates tau txhim kho li ntawm 10 feem pua ntawm ib qho Ti-6AL- 4V isotropic phaj.
UK Aerospace Advanced Materials, nyob rau hauv daim ntawv cog lus rau ARL, tau tsim cov txheej txheem rau kev npaj ntawm FGM blocks siv titanium thiab titanium / titanium diboride (TiB2) hmoov sib tov nyob rau hauv kub-pressed loj ze-net-puab los ua ib tug titanium diboride (TiB2) nyuaj nto / titanium-hlau substrate, nrog ib tug nruab nrab txheej ntawm ib tug gradient qauv. Lwm, ntau tshaj, yog titanium-raws li kub isostatic ceramic composites. Cov kev ntsuam xyuas kev cuam tshuam tau pom tias tungsten alloy armour-piercing projectile cores raug puas tsuaj los ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsis ua haujlwm hu ua interfacial ntes.
ARL tau pab nyiaj rau kev txhim kho ntawm P900 titanium siv ob txoj kev sib txawv casting los ua kom pom qhov ua tau ntawm kev tsim cov titanium sib sib zog nqus castings thiab cov resilience ntawm xws li castings rau kinetic zog armour-piercing rounds. Lub hom phiaj yog los tsim P900 titanium phaj uas yuav ua tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm cov tub rog steel specification, tab sis yuav txo qhov hnyav ntawm cov tub rog platform. Qhov no cam khwb cia titanium phaj yog chiselled nrog lub qhov ntawm ib tug tej qhov sib nrug thiab ib tug tej yam zoo li.
Kev txhim kho thiab kev siv cov tsis-Ti-6Al- 4V alloys kuj tseem muaj qhov zoo dua vim tias qhov txo qis ntawm kev siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntau dua thiab cov nqi hluav taws xob qis lossis cov kab hluav taws xob plasma. .ARL ntseeg hais tias qhov kev taw qhia thev naus laus zis no yuav nce kev siv titanium hauv kev siv cov cuab yeej siv hauv av yav tom ntej, xws li cov khoom siv khoom siv nyob ib leeg lossis ua ke nrog lwm cov ntaub ntawv.ARL tau tshawb fawb ntau cov ntawv thov rau qib 4 titanium alloys ARL tau tshawb xyuas ntau daim ntawv thov rau Qib 4 titanium alloys, suav nrog TIMET 62S thiab ATI 425-MIL; cov alloy tom kawg qhia tau hais tias zoo ib yam ballistic zog rau tus qauv Qib 2 Ti-6Al-4V alloy, tab sis siv hlau (Fe) es tsis txhob ntawm ib co vanadium (V) ua beta stabilizer. Cov hlau tseem tuaj yeem ua haujlwm txias thiab kub ua haujlwm, muaj peev xwm uas tau pom tias yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv ntau daim ntawv thov kev loj hlob. Cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias MIL-DTL- 46077G Qib 4 ATI 425-MIL titanium alloy muaj peev xwm khoov loj.
M1A2 Abrams tank tau txo qhov hnyav ntawm lub chassis Cheebtsam los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke kom siab tshaj 1,500 lb. Lub M2A2 Bradley Fighting Tsheb tus thawj coj lub hatch yog forged hauv titanium, thiab kev tiv thaiv sab saum toj yog ua los ntawm titanium. Lub thawv tiv thaiv sab nrauv siv titanium daim hlau es tsis txhob siv cov hlau phaj, yog li txo qhov hnyav ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv armour.
Titanium kuj tseem siv nyob rau hauv ob versions ntawm Stryker tsev neeg ntawm lub tsheb.Lub Stryker Mobile Protected Gun System rab phom pods yog ua los ntawm titanium, thiab titanium phom tiv thaiv suite ntawm Stryker RV thiab FSV qauv.The BAEPegasus Titanium Wheeled Prototype Tsheb qauv yog ib qho thaum ntxov Yav Tom Ntej Combat Tsheb hull seem siv los sim cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke. Lub cev qis thiab sab pem hauv ntej yog tsim los ntawm cov tub rog tshwj xeeb MIL-DTL- 46077G Qib 3 tus nqi qis titanium, thiab tag nrho lub tsheb yog ua los ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw thiab qhov chaw sib xyaw ua ke ntawm lub cev. Lub tsheb tau dhau qhov kev sim ballistic dav dav thiab cuam tshuam kev thauj khoom.
US Army kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam ib-qib molten titanium rau siv nyob rau hauv Army av combat tsheb. Tensile mechanical zog thiab tawg toughness zoo ib yam li cov pa T-6Al- 4V aerospace zoo daim ntawv. Electron Beam Cold Bed Furnace Melting (EBCHM) titanium muaj elastic kuj zoo ib yam li MIL-T-9046. Kuj tseem muaj ntau cov tub rog cov kev pab cuam uas tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm kev siv ib-theem, tsis tshua muaj nqi titanium melting. Cov tub rog Asmeskas tau ua tiav kev siv cov titanium alloys uas tsis tshua muaj nqi hauv Pegasus replica tsheb.Test cov ntaub ntawv ntawm elastic kuj ntawm EBCHM Ti-6Al- 4V phaj. Raws li tuaj yeem pom, V50 qhov tseem ceeb yog tag nrho siab dua tus qauv MIL-DTL- 46077F.
Kev txo qhov hnyav yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev xaiv cov khoom siv armor. Ntau yam ntaub ntawv tshiab tau raug tshawb xyuas rau lub teeb yuag armor thiab titanium alloys muaj peev xwm sib tw vim lawv lub zog tshwj xeeb, corrosion kuj thiab zoo ballistic zog.G.Sukumar et al. tshawb xyuas cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev kho cua sov ntawm cov khoom siv kho tshuab thiab cov khoom tiv thaiv elasticity ntawm Ti- 4Al-2.3V-1.9Fe titanium alloy. Nws tau pom tias titanium daim hlau daws tau kho thiab muaj hnub nyoog (930 degree thiab 900 degree) hauv thaj tsam + pom muaj zog thiab ductility.Qhov cuam tshuam cov khoom ntawm Ti- 4Al-2.3V-1 .9Fe daim hlau nyob rau hauv + daws kev kho mob thiab kev laus (900 degree STA) yog superior rau cov yob annealed Ti- 4Al-2.3V-1.9Fe daim hlau. Piv nrog rau yob annealed thiab + tshuaj kho thiab laus kho Ti-6Al- 4V daim hlau, 900 degree STA Ti- 4Al-2.3V-1.9Fe cov phaj muaj cov khoom zoo dua rau 7.62 hli spherical projectiles.
Ping Song et al. tshawb xyuas tus cwj pwm ntawm Ti{{0}}Al-3V-2Cr-2Fe nyob rau hauv siab tshaj tawm cuam tshuam los ntawm kev sim, qauv thiab validation. Lub ballistic kev ua tau zoo ntawm 7 hli tuab Ti-5322 lub hom phiaj tau tshawb xyuas los ntawm kev ntsuas qhov cuam tshuam, thiab qhov tseeb ntawm cov qauv tsim tau raug txheeb xyuas los ntawm kev sim ballistic. Cov txiaj ntsig kev sim qhia tau hais tias JC tus qauv tsim qauv tuaj yeem kwv yees qhov kawg nkag mus nrawm nrawm ntawm Ti-5322 lub hom phiaj thiab qhov nrawm nrawm ntawm cov tawg tawg thaum lub sijhawm nkag mus. Lub ballistic limiting velocities ntawm tungsten alloy pob nrog ib txoj kab uas hla ntawm 1{14}} hli ntawm 7 mm tuab Ti{{1{22}}}} lub hom phiaj ntawm 0 degree thiab 30 degree yog 416.0 m / s thiab 484.8 m / s, ntsig txog.Raws li tib yam deformation, lub zog tawm los ntawm tus nqi qis dua Ti-5322 titanium alloy yog siab dua li ntawm titanium Ti6Al4V alloy. Nyob rau hauv quasi-static tej yam kev mob (0.01 s{24}}), lub compressive yield zog ntawm Ti-5322 titanium alloy yog 1,255 MPa, uas yog 20% siab dua li Ti6Al4V. Nyob rau hauv dynamic tej yam kev mob (600-2 000 s{32}}, yield zog ntawm Ti-5322 titanium alloy yog 1 430-1 470 MPa, uas yog 28% siab tshaj Ti6Al4V.
Ahsan Ul Haq et al. tshuaj xyuas cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siab sib txawv. Honeycomb Sandwich Panels tau dav tsim vim lawv qhov qis dua thiab siab dua lub zog nqus lub peev xwm. Ntawm txhua lub teeb alloys, titanium armor stands rau nws elastic kuj, tab sis vim nws cov nqi siab nws tseem nyuaj rau ua tiav daim ntawv thov hauv av riam phom. Txawm li cas los xij, titanium + aluminium alloy laminates tau ua tiav qhov kev ua tiav hauv laminated armour.C. Broeckhoven thiab A.du Plessis ua qauv Ti-6Al- 4V tib neeg lub cev armor los ntsuas nws lub peev xwm rau kev tiv thaiv. Tshwj xeeb, lawv tau hais tias cov qauv kev tiv thaiv bionic tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom ntxiv thiab qhia tias cov plhaub taum tuaj yeem pom muaj zog nqus thaum lub sijhawm tawm los.
Cov txheej txheem hmoov metallurgy tuaj yeem siv los tsim cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke ntau ntxiv nrog rau tsim cov khoom siv ua haujlwm gradient. Cov cuab yeej cuab tam nrog cov kev ua tau zoo sib txawv tuaj yeem tsim los tiv thaiv armour-piercing projectiles rau cov khoom hem sib txawv thiab cov theem nkag.
ADAMPProductsInc tau tshawb xyuas qhov kev npaj ntawm cov tub rog titanium alloys los ntawm tus nqi qis-state hmoov metallurgical txheej txheem. P/MT-6Al- 4V armor phaj tau npaj los ntawm kev siv tus nqi qis dua tshiab titanium hmoov ntau lawm tshuab, txo nqi-txo cov hmoov sib xyaw hmoov metallurgy, txias isostatic nias, sintering, dov, extrusion thiab Kev kho cua sov (annealing 1 350 degree F rau 4 h). Chav ntsuas kub tensile zog ntawm lub phaj armor yog qhia nyob rau hauv Table 3. Cov nitrogen, oxygen thiab hydrogen cov ntsiab lus yog 0.008, 0.158 thiab 0.005, raws li 4.
Lub tuam txhab kuj tau siv cov txheej txheem no los tsim P/MTi{{0}}Al- 4V tus thawj coj lub kaus mom, tshwj tsis yog tias lub dov tau hloov los ntawm forging, thiab kev kho cua sov tau annealed ntawm 1,3 00 degree F rau 2 h. Nitrogen, oxygen, thiab hydrogen cov ntsiab lus yog 0.021, 0.179, thiab 0.{10}}. Chav tsev kub tensile zog ntawm cov khoom siv hatch (thickness ntawm 1.375 ″) nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm tensile zog, yield zog, elongation thiab lub ntsej muag shrinkage yog 143.8 mus rau 149.3 ksi, 132.1 rau 136.3 ksi, 14.0% mus rau 15.5% thiab 3.
Pavlo E. Markovsky et al. tshawb xyuas cov neeg kho tshuab tus cwj pwm ntawm titanium puag txheej zoo li cov qauv npaj los ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw hmoov metallurgy. Cov titanium puag txheej zoo li cov qauv muaj Ti-6Al- 4V txheej, (%) (Ti-64) alloy hlau matrix composites txhawb nrog 5% thiab 10% (los ntawm ntim) TiB or TiC particles. Kev sib piv tau ua nrog cov ntaub ntawv tshaj tawm yav dhau los rau Ti-64 alloys tsim los ntawm cov txheej txheem casting thiab forging. Lub xub ntiag ntawm TiB thiab TiC cov khoom siv txhawb zog hauv cov hlau ua rau txo qis hauv lub zog thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov hlau matrix composites piv rau cov khoom sib xws sintered Ti-64 alloy, vim tias cov khoom no tau muab qhov chaw ntxiv rau kev tawg thiab pore nucleation. thiab txhawb cov khoom embrittlement. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum cov txheej txheem hlau matrix sib xyaw tau siv nyob rau hauv cov qauv bilayer nrog Ti-64 alloy txheej, peb-point dabtsi yog khoov kev ntsuam xyuas pom tau tias muaj kev nce ntxiv hauv kev ntxhov siab piv rau homogeneous Ti-64 alloy thiab cov homogeneous hlau matrix composite qauv. Lub peev xwm ntawm cov qauv bilayer kom nqus tau ntau dua kev cuam tshuam lub zog piv rau ib txheej homogeneous qhia tias cov qauv laminated zoo dua raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm kev siv ballistic.
Stanley Abkowitz et al. tau sau tseg tias qhov kev txaus siab txuas ntxiv ntawm kev lag luam thiab cov tub rog hauv cov hmoov hlau metallurgy titanium, vim kev txhim kho kev ua tau zoo tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev tsim cov khoom ze-net-puab cov khoom sib txawv ntawm ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm ob peb grams mus rau ntau pua kilograms, tau tsim kom muaj kev txhim kho ntawm ib lub koom haum American rau Kev Ntsuas thiab Cov Khoom Siv (ASTM) tshwj xeeb los muab cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb rau cov hmoov hlau metallurgy titanium khoom los pab txhawb lawv daim ntawv thov. Dynamet tau npaj ASTM B988-13, Cov Qauv Specification rau Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob ntawm Hmoov Metallurgy Titanium thiab Titanium Alloys. Tus qauv tshiab suav nrog cov hmoov hlau metallurgy cov khoom siv rau cov khoom siv tsis huv titanium (qib 1, 2, 3 thiab 4), Ti-6Al- 4V (qib 5), Ti-3Al{{11} }}.5V (qib 9), Ti-6Al- 4V LI (tsawg clearance) thiab Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn. Tus qauv yuav pab txhawb ntau yam kev lag luam, kev lag luam thiab kev siv tub rog rau hmoov metallurgical titanium.
Kev lag luam muaj peev xwm rau cov hmoov hlau metallurgical titanium uas pheej yig tau nthuav dav raws li lub peev xwm los tsim cov hmoov hlau metallurgical Ti-6Al- 4V ze-net-puab cov khoom uas muaj zog tensile piv rau cov pa Ti-6 Al- 4V.RTI International tau txais Dynamet Technologies, Inc. uas yuav ua kom siv cov hmoov sib xyaw ua ke hauv kev lag luam dav hlau, kev kho mob, kev lag luam thiab tub rog titanium alloy Cheebtsam. Daim ntawv thov.
titanium-raws li cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw ua ke lub zog siab thiab hardness ntawm txheej txheej nrog txaus ductility ntawm lub hauv paus hlau yuav zoo heev nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev siv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog raws li armor Cheebtsam nyob rau hauv cov khoom siv tub rog. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm lub zog siab, hardness thiab toughness tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev tsim cov txheej txheem multilayer nrog cov khoom sib txawv.О.М. Ivasishin et al. kawm txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm microstructural, txhua yam khoom thiab kev tiv thaiv ballistic ntawm cov ntaub ntawv titanium-based txheej txheej. Ob txoj kev sib txawv tau siv los tsim cov txheej txheem txheej txheem. Thawj yog cov txheej txheem metallurgical (ingot forging), ua raws li kev kho cua sov sai ntawm Ti-6Al-4V thiab T110 alloys, uas tau siv los tsim cov qauv hierarchical nrog cov khoom sib txawv hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov khoom thickness. Qhov thib ob yog cov txheej txheem hmoov hlau metallurgy rau kev tsim cov qauv sib xyaw ntawm Ti-6Al- 4V alloy txheej thiab cov txheej txheem sib xyaw ua ke raws li nws, txhawb nqa nrog TiC lossis TiB hais. Ob thiab peb txheej ntawm Ti-6Al- 4V (VT6) alloy-raws li kev sim daim hlau tau tsim raws li yav dhau los tau txais kev ua kom zoo dua cov hmoov hmoov sib tov, qhov txheej txheej saum npoo yog cov khoom sib xyaw nrog TiC hais. . Kev ntsuam xyuas ballistic siv tib lub mos txwv tsim qhov zoo tsis tuaj yeem ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm tib lub thickness.
Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, 3D tshuab luam ntawv tau tsim sai heev, thiab nws muaj peev xwm luam tawm cov qauv uas tsis tuaj yeem paub siv cov txheej txheem ib txwm muaj. Kev tiv thaiv kev kub ceev armour-piercing foob pob thiab moj tej tawg tsis muaj zog tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm honeycomb thiab dot-matrix qauv ntawm cov khoom sib txawv, uas tau muaj nuj nqis los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb hauv kev tiv thaiv armor thiab tej yaam num tau ua tiav.RaminRahmani li al. tshawb xyuas lub teeb yuag Ti6Al4V-Alsi10Mg cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke npaj los ntawm kev sib txuas cov kev xaiv laser melting thiab tso cov plasma sintering cov tswv yim. Honeycomb mesh qauv (cov qauv mesh lossis gradient mesh qauv) tau siv los tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam thiab kev sib tsoo ntawm cov mos txwv riam phom. Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov ntim feem ntawm Ti6Al4V dot matrix rau kev cuam tshuam. Cov qauv nrog cov xov tooj ntawm tes me me thiab cov kab uas hla zoo tshaj plaws muaj qhov ua tau zoo ib yam li cov cell loj thiab coarser struts. Cov txiaj ntsig zoo kawg nkaus qhia tau hais tias cov qauv dot matrix zoo sib xws nrog cov ntim ntau dua yog qhov ua tau zoo dua hauv kev tiv thaiv kev nkag mus rau qhov projectile, thaum lub gradient dot matrix txhim kho cov khoom ua haujlwm rau torsion / deformation thiab yog li ua rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov khoom.
